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Если не заходить в глубь тысячелетий, то первым из классиков «фантастической науки» нужно признать самого Чарльза Форта. Описанный Фортом мир праисторических высоких технологий оказался для многих весьма притягательным. По крайней мере эта гипотеза позволяла объяснить многие факты музейных запасников, на которые официальная наука предпочитала просто закрывать глаза. Но если эти технологии действительно были, то где искать их источник?
Прислушиваясь к разговорам о современной «альтернативной науке», мы различаем в них две доминирующие интонации. Одна – взвинченно эмоциональная, подчас крикливая и ругательная – объясняет, что никакой «альтернативной науки» не существует, что наука – едина и нерушима, как гранитное изваяние, тогда как попытки ее пересматривать одинаково ненаучны и неуместны, какими бы соображениями они ни обосновывались. Здесь учреждают «Комиссии по борьбе…», пишут долговязые петиции, рассуждают на кухнях за чаем и коньячком, а потом время от времени балуют себя вылазками на очень научные заседания, ищущие лженауку там, где только можно ее найти.
Другая мелодия звучит много тише. Это не крик и не брань, это только попытка иначе взглянуть, попробовать, пересмотреть. В общем, дистанцироваться от суррогата, который давали в советских либо же западных идеологических столовых, заправляя лозунгами эгалитаризма, свободы и неминуемого прогресса. Но, мы это хорошо знаем, дистанцироваться от одного – значит опереться на что-то другое.
Но что это – «что-то другое»? Таким «архимедовым рычагом» стали в альтернативной науке идеи Томаса Куна и Пола Фейерабенда. Идеи о том, что никакой такой единой науки (быть может, только пока, но все же) не существует, а есть только множество парадигм, около которых начинают формироваться научные миры, от которых получают они необходимое питание и тепло, зажигают свой свет и несут его дальше, провоцируя образование новых парадигм и новых научных сообществ. При этом одна точка зрения – отнюдь не могила для другой, не «Комиссия по борьбе отцов против своих же внебрачных детей», нет, это лишь стартовая площадка, испытательный полигон, на котором формируется научное сообщество.
При этом одно из сообществ может предельно не любить другое, отвергая его в самых последних его основаниях, – суть дела от этого не меняется. Каждое из сообществ движется в своем направлении, и ошибкой здесь будет лишь измена тем правилам игры, которые задаются внутри самого сообщества. Исходя из такого, куновского, «парадигмального» понимания науки никакой «паранауки» вообще не существует, это лишь миф, придуманный одним из сообществ, хитрый диффамационный фортель, работающий лишь для тех, кто не вник в идею парадигм по-настоящему. Для тех же, кто Куна усвоил и понял, становится ясным, что понятия вроде «спекулятивная литература» или «паранаука» оскверняют лишь то сообщество, которое позволяет себе их употребление. Это не более чем расписка в собственной слабости, в параноидно-монологичной неспособности слышать другого, признавать красоту игры – пусть даже игры своего временного противника.
В течение долгих столетий наука воспитывала в себе строгость. Считалось, что апелляции к данным воображения – присутствующие на самом деле в основе любого научного открытия – суть источник ухода от науки в сферу «научной фантастики». Но это – лишь один жанр.
Календарь майя.
Другим жанром, судить который принято ныне куда как более строго, явилась «фантастическая наука» – модное нынче бранное слово, применяемое без разбора как к наукам оккультным (атлантология, графология, лабиринтология и т.д.), так и к наукам «ревизионистским», то есть намеренным пересматривать достижения обычных наук, не сильно сбиваясь при этом с их же собственных предметных оснований.
Фантастическая наука
Количество предметов, интересующих науку, ограничено лишь ее парадигмой. Это примерно как в любой уважающей себя музейной коллекции, где всегда имеется запасник, превышающий основной, то есть экспонируемый публике, фонд как минимум в несколько раз. Этот запасник содержит, как правило, именно те экспонаты, доставать которые на всеобщее обозрение считается «нехорошо»: если вытащить их все и сразу, то «посыпятся» основания тех наук, ради формального подтверждения которых эти музеи и существуют. Но когда ученые-ревизионисты вроде Эриха фон Дэникена, Кена Уилбера, Владимира Шемшука, Эрнста Бэты или Йоханнеса фон Баттлера к этим данным запасников обращаются, их неминуемо обвиняют в «измене нормам научной рациональности», «ложных паранаучных измышлениях» и прочих грехах перед господствующим ныне научным сообществом.
В совокупности эти обвинения резюмируются тезисом книги Маркуса Песселя «Фантастическая наука», крайне обеспокоенного провалом науки ортодоксальной и успехом науки «еретической»: еретики, лишенные всяких внушительных научных степеней, завоевывают популярность, их книги стремительно распродаются, и потому против них следует воевать, устраивая «вселенские соборы научной рациональности».
Сама идея «фантастической науки» отнюдь не нова: это понятие было сформулировано еще Стефаном Уильямсом, занимавшимся такой же «охотой на ведьм», но только в отдельно взятой сфере археологии. Что же касается самих «ведьм», то моментом их зарождения Пессель считает конец 1910-х годов, когда вышла знаменитая книга американца Чарльза Форта, собравшего множество научно необъяснимых фактов (своего рода «научный запасник» – в нашей терминологии), под одной обложкой Book of the Damned (1919). Книга была поворотная, от нее разошлись «еретические лучи» сразу в разные стороны: выхваченные цепким прожектором Форта неуместные факты стали раскачивать лодку официальной науки, угрожая опрокинуть ее вверх тормашками. Защитные маски астронавтов, сделанные из железа и серебра, доисторические медные рудники, астрономические объекты, которые вполне бы могли оказаться космическими кораблями неких инопланетных пришельцев, посетивших нашу планету несколько тысячелетий назад, и т.д. – все эти образы слишком хорошо узнаваемы, все они оживились после выхода книги Форта, и потому он предстает чуть ли не «скверной всех скверн», если, конечно, поверить Песселю, Уильямсу и другим и в самом деле считать «фантастическую науку» чем-то нечистым и скверным.
В любом случае на сегодня это уже особый сложившийся жанр, со своими законами и методами, со своей нестандартной фактологией, с огромной библиотекой программных текстов, излюбленными авторитетами и как минимум столетней историей. Прежде чем перейти непосредственно к интересующему нас сюжету, изложим вкратце саму эту историю.
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Опубликованно: 10 февраля 2009 11:13.
Опубликованно: 10 февраля 2009 11:13.
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[...]the time to read or visit the content or sites we have linked to below the[...]……
Kermit Gershkovich…
Hello there! This post couldn’t be written much better! Reading through this article reminds me of my previous roommate! He constantly kept talking about this. I will send this article to him. Fairly certain he’ll have a very good read. Many thanks fo…
give it a try, if you do…
not like it deactivate it and delete. not a problem13. related posts thumbnails – this cool plugin allows related posts to be seen on the side bar and at the bottom of your posts with the featured image, giving your reader…
going to want a blog that is…
easy to optimize and maybe has search engine optimization plug-ins. this means making a list of your requirements before you even begin comparing blogging platforms.another important thing to consider is where your blog is going to be hosted. typepad a…
Wikia…
Wika linked to this website…
Gems form the internet…
[...]very few websites that happen to be detailed below, from our point of view are undoubtedly well worth checking out[...]……
proofread the final document before turning it…
in.one serious problem in college writing, and even in high school, is the temptation to plagiarize. too many students are tempted by the increasing availability of papers for purchase from online sources. students that plagiarize are cheating themselv…
Cool sites…
[...]we came across a cool site that you might enjoy. Take a look if you want[...]……
added, giving you credibility which is vital…
online.and of course, even if you do outsource blog content writing, there is still absolutely nothing stopping you from adding more content yourself. perhaps you want to tackle the main aspects of your blog, while the lesser articles can be handled…
what are doing in your marketing activities…
because if you don’t, you could find yourself spending hours on facebook and not much to show for it.it’s easy for it to turn into a distraction instead of a productive venture.facebook is all about building relationships and stronger connections.as …
be narrow in scope and will cover…
only specific topics. but there is a specific advantage of choosing topics where a writer specializes. it will not only increase the speed of writing but also help the writer to provide high quality articles to the article providing services. choosing…
Websites you should visit…
[...]below you’ll find the link to some sites that we think you should visit[...]……
Great article…
You could definitely see your expertise within the work you write. The arena hopes for more passionate writers such as you who aren’t afraid to say how they believe. Always follow your heart. «Experience is a good school, but the fees are high.» by …